Home 
  OpticsPOD
  What's New 
  Rays & Shadows
  Water Droplets
  Rainbows
    Not a rainbow!
    Primary Bow
      Raindrop Rays
      Rainbow Cone
      Low & High Bows
      Drop size
      Colours
    Secondary Bow
    A's Dark Band
    Other Orders
    Supernumeraries
    Red Bows
    Rainbow Wheel
    Dew Bow
    Sea Spray Bow
    Glass Bead Bows
    Reflection Bows
    Twinned Bows
    Cloud Bows
    Moon Bows
    Image Gallery
    Simulators
  Ice Halos
  High Atmosphere
  Links & Resources
  Search - Index



                 

123456789012345678
   Primary Rainbow drop size

 








Lawn sprinkler bow, MSU Bozeman MT.   As the jet rotated the bow width changed and the colours varied from bright and saturated colours to pastel hues.    Image ©Les Cowley




A bow's appearance depends on drop size. The best are narrow ones with intense colours and these are made by large drops several mm in diameter. Look for them during very heavy showers.

Smaller drops produce broader bows with less saturated colours. Very small drops give nearly colourless cloudbows and fogbows.

The sprinkler's drops were largest near the main jet and they produced the narrow colourful bow. After the jet had rotated away and the large drops had fallen to earth the remaining smaller drops made the broader pastel bow.

Classical geometric optics cannot explain the the change in appearance and dependence on drop size . We must invoke the wave behaviour of light.

Classically, each angle of the rainbow is made up of light that has traveled through drops along two different paths. Again classically, the two emerging ray intensities simply add together.


         
 
   Classically, each rainbow angle has two ray paths. Their intensities add together.     Representation of light waves along the paths. Positive and negative wave crests are dark and light blue. The light intensity from each path does not add because the wave crests are sometimes out of step.   
 
   
 
   AirySim computed rainbows for two drop sizes and for blue monochromatic light and sunlight***. As the drop size decreases the phase difference between the two rainbow forming ray (wave) paths oscillates more slowly with changes in angle. The diffraction pattern including the main bow broadens and the supernumeraries spread out.   
 
Waves behave differently. Here* we can represent the waves as alternate positive and negative crests along the classical ray paths**.

A critical feature is that the paths have different lengths. The crests start in step as they travel towards the drop but, as a consequence of the different entrance points and path lengths, they can emerge from the drop out of step - there is a phase difference.

The emergent wave intensities cannot simply be added because the waves interfere. When the crests are completely out of phase their positive and negative amplitudes cancel and there is little light, when in phase the light is intensified.

The phase difference and interference varies as the the rainbow deflection angle changes. The result is a peak in intensity near the classical rainbow angle with oscillatory fringes, supernumeraries, inside it.

The key to the changing appearance of the sprinkler bow is that as the drop size decreases the phase difference changes more slowly with angle. The main rainbow peak therefore broadens and any supernumeraries are more widely spaced.

Differences in colour with drop size? The sunlight bow is a superimposition of monochromatic light bows. When the bows are broadened, the different colours overlap more and the resultant hues are less saturated and pastel.



*  This is diagrammatic but a reasonable representation for rainbow forming droplets 0.3mm dia. and upwards.
**  Light waves are transverse, the electric oscillations are at right angles to the wave travel. The direction of the electric vibration, the electric vector, determines the polarisation of the light. Unpolarised light has, over a short time period, electric vectors in all directions perpendicular to the ray direction. Pure plane polarised light has the electric vectors in a single direction. The intensity of light on being reflected or refracted depends on the direction of the initial polarisation relative to the surface. Rotate a pair of sunglasses while looking at a reflection in glass to show this. Rainbows are therefore polarised (rotate sunglasses while viewing one). Polarisation does not invalidate the above qualitative explanation but it does affect the quantitative description of rainbows and fogbows.
***  The simulations are for a 0.5° diameter source, sun sized, and droplets all of one size.   In nature, far fewer supernumeraries (if any) are visible because there is a distribution of drop sizes and larger drops are flattened to some extent.